As Wikipedia says: Although harsh by modern standards, HI was commonly employed as a reducing agent early on in the history of organic chemistry. Reduction of phosphorus trichloride with lithium aluminium hydride in anhydrous diethyl ether yields phosphine. Chemists in the 19th century attempted to prepare cyclohexane by HI reduction of benzene at high temperatures, but instead isolated the rearranged product, methylcyclopentane (see the article on cyclohexane). Hydroiodic acid reacts with a solution of ammonium sulfite Ionic equation: The ionic equation is a type of reaction in which only the species that actually take part in the reaction are involved. Can money orders written to myself be used as proof of funds at border control? Found inside Page 11reduced graphene oxide, laser radiation reduces graphene oxide ultimately fast [78]. [92] used the mixture of hydroiodic acid and acetic acid for the Visit our dedicated information section to learn more about MDPI. How universal is the Toffoli gate for classical reversible computing? We use cookies on our website to ensure you get the best experience. Stopping refluxing after 25 hours, and allowing to stand at room temperature for another 12 hours. A reaction system has been studied for the production of C12 and C18 hydrocarbons from sorbitol by reduction with a hydroiodic acid (HI)-phosphorous acid mixture. For the first step, hydroiodic acid converts the hydroxy compound to iodide.[1]. Publication Date: 1999. Further, it is also highly toxic if we inhale it or ingest it or absorb it through our skin. In this case, you just need to observe to see if product substance HI (hydroiodic acid), appearing at the end of the reaction. It is the second strongest hydrohalic acid, after hydroastatic acid. Except for the use of gaseous hydrazine hydrate or hydroiodic acid, this is the first reported use of an environmentally friendly gaseous phase for the reduction of graphene oxide (GO) films into RGO films. 58.4% Hydroiodic acid and red phosphorous refluxed at 125*C for 24 hours will produce 1-phenyl-2-amino-3-iodopropane in about . The reaction will produce phosphine as side product, which is very toxic and very flammable. The mechanism starts with an electrophilic attack of phosphorous to an oxygen, which is then substituted by iodide. interesting to authors, or important in this field. To regenerate $\ce{HI}$ from the $\ce{I2}$, phosphorus can be used. As first reported by Kiliani, hydroiodic acid reduction of sugars and other polyols results in the reductive cleavage of several or even all hydroxy groups, although often with poor yield and/or reproducibility. several techniques or approaches, or a comprehensive review paper with concise and precise updates on the latest Unlike glucose, xylitol has no aldehydic/anomeric carbon, and only has alcohol groups. Tap again to see term . Owing to its usefulness as a reducing agent, reduction with HI and red phosphorus has become the most popular method to produce methamphetamine in the United States. Answered By . In another similar study by Cheng and co-workers, graphene oxide was subjected to reduction with only hydroiodic acid at 100 C to result in graphene with a C/O ratio of 12 and a measured conductivity of 29 800 S m 1. Various scientists put different theories for defining acids and . Under warm condition, small amount of HI reacts with glycerol and forms allyl iodide. Explanation: Glycerol is trihydric alcohol which is colourles and odourless. "Reduction of the Nitro Group to Amine by Hydroiodic Acid to Synthesize o-Aminophenol Derivatives as Putative Degradative Markers of Neuromelanin" Molecules 19, no. Hydroiodic acid acts as the reducing agent. The statements, opinions and data contained in the journal, 1996-2021 MDPI (Basel, Switzerland) unless otherwise stated. Option B is correct. Wakamatsu, K.; Tanaka, H.; Tabuchi, K.; Ojika, M.; Zucca, F.A. Protection of Hydroxyl Compounds. Found inside Page 105Hydrobromic acid is used in place of hydrochloric acid to prevent halogen exchange in the product. The actual reducing agent is hydroiodic acid, It is a strong acid generally used as a reducing agent. Thanks for contributing an answer to Chemistry Stack Exchange! NM is believed to derive from the oxidative polymerization of dopamine (DA) or norepinephrine (NE) with the participation of cysteine, dolichols and proteins. Bromine is reduced to hydrobromic acid as its oxidation number decreases from 0 to -1. Ges. Three concepts like combination and removal of oxygen or hydrogen, loss or gain of electrons, and increases or decreases of oxidation . PMID: 10368949. However, there are still unknown aspects in the chemical structure of NM from SN (SN-NM) and LC (LC-NM). Found inside Page 21 methamphetamine are phenylacetone (P2P or phenyl-2-propanone), red phosphorus/hydrogen iodide (hydroiodic or hydriodic acid ) reduction (Yankee Dope, 2014. The purpose of this book is to provide a base of information and analysis to assist in implementation of the policy of reducing and/or minimizing hazardous waste generation in manufacturing and more specifically in the process industries. No special The most common method of manufacture of methamphetamine in the United States is the reduction of ephedrine with hydriodic acid and red phosphorus (HI/red P) 1.Manufacture of methamphetamine from phenyl-2-propanone (P2P) and methylamine yields ()-methamphetamine, whereas the reduction of (-)-ephedrine or (+)-pseudoephedrine yields (+)-methamphetamine. Since the maximum concentration of hydroiodic acid can be 57%, any excess hydrogen iodide will boil off. Hydroiodic acid reductions ARE able to further dehalogenate 1-phenyl-2-amino-3-iodopropane to amphetamine but it will take around a week at high temps under reflux, or in a sealed bomb that would have to be very hot!!! Thermal decomposition of hypophosphorous acid (H 3 PO 2) also yields phosphine. The liberated iodine, equivalent to each analyte, is quantitatively extracted with oleic acid (HOL) surfactant. But, that is only one carbon out of six. D. Propyne. permission provided that the original article is clearly cited. Inexpensive stable crystalline 2,4,6-tris(benzyloxy)-1,3,5-triazine (TriBOT) can be used as an acid-catalyzed O-benzylating reagent.The reaction of various functionalized alcohols with 0.4 equiv of TriBOT in the presence of trifluoromethanesulfonic acid afforded benzyl ethers in good yields. Found inside Page 2285 76 Sugar epoxides are readily reduced by a combination of diborane and by hydriodic acid involves protonation followed by hydride transfer. HI/Phosphorous causes the reduction of various polycyclic quinones. The as-prepared RGO films were flexible and showed a high electrical conductivity of up to 3500 S m 1. How are complex numbers, being imaginary (non real), able to represent reality (physics)? The way around the roadblock here is to just boil off some more of the water from the . The other carbons have bona fide hydroxyl groups, and as such can be deoxygenated and reduced by $\ce{HI}$ to form alkyl carbons. This reduction process is known to be powerful enough to remove oxygen from any organic compound and if reaction conditions are harsh enough it can even remove nitrogen as well. A total of 37 hours. rev2021.9.2.40142. No Signup required. I think you missed my point. Moreover, hydroiodic acid can result in severe skin burns and eye damages as well. SN2 nucleophilic substitution of the OH group by I, which is achieved by using conc. My interview went well but at the end the interviewer said "All the best for your future endeavours". Hydriodic acid is hydrogen iodide gas dissolved in water. This will help us to improve better. That is, the following reaction takes place: As first reported by Kiliani,[10] hydroiodic acid reduction of sugars and other polyols results in the reductive cleavage of several or even all hydroxy groups, although often with poor yield and/or reproducibility. A film with a sheet resistance of ~ 2400 /sq at a transparency over 72% is obtained at a typical wavelength of 550 nm. Found inside Page 80Materials 4-Aminobenzenearsonic acid (p-arsanilic acid) is obtained from Tokyo The actual reducing agent is hydroiodic acid, which is converted into Stack Exchange network consists of 178 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. Chemistry Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for scientists, academics, teachers, and students in the field of chemistry. C. Butane. prior to publication. Furthermore, the RGO film resulting from the hydroiodic acid reduction keeps the high flexibility and integrity of the GO film, combined with improved strength and ductility. The aim is to provide a snapshot of some of the most exciting work In this study, we designed a new method to synthesize, This is an open access article distributed under the. Upvote(0) How satisfied are you with the answer? This process can be made catalytic in HI using red phosphorus to reduce the formed I2. It is shown that both graphite oxide (GO) and oxidized graphene nanoribbons (OGN) can be safely reduced by using hydrogen iodide (hydroiodic acid). Publication Name: Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry. 1 word related to hydroiodic acid: acid. Material Safety Data Sheet or SDS for Hydroiodic acid 57% 100341 from MilliporeSigma for download or viewing in the browser. Catalog Number 100341. I don't think it is wrong, I think it is right. phosphoric acid and a small amount of red phosphorus. Only visits after 24 November 2015 are recorded. Polybenzimidazobenzophenanthroline (BBL)/graphene nanocomposites were prepared by the liquid-phase exfoliation of graphene oxide (GO) in a BBL-methanesulfonic acid solution, followed by chemical reduction with hydroiodic acid (HI). A. Ethane. Hydroiodic acid is preferred than other chemical reducing agents, as for instance hydrazine, as its gentle chemical reduction prevents little structural damages to the film. Please let us know what you think of our products and services. It is prepared by reaction of iodine with hydrogen sulfide or hydrazine, or by an electrolytic method. Click again to see term . Final product formed on reduction of glycerol by hydroiodic acid is. reduction with hydroiodic acid (HI), and they could be identified by HPLC in HI hydrolysates of SN-NM and LC-NM. toppr. MathJax reference. 179, No. Results indicate that the graphene film reduced by hydroiodic acid (HI) reduction combined with thermal treatment shows a higher electrical conductivity than that reduced only by thermal treatment at the same transparency. When $\ce{HI}$ acts as a reducing agent, the oxidized product is $\ce{I2}$. Active 4 years, 11 . HI solution to the compound you want to reduce. Iodine Used in Methamphetamine Production. Here's the DOI you requested in the comments above: doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.36 As far as i can say, the Beilstein JOC is a reputable journal. Abayomi Babatunde Alayande, Hee Deung Park, Johannes S. Vrouwenvelder, In S. Kim. Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. Antonyms for hydroiodic acid. B. Propanoic acid. The reaction takes place in aqueous medium. It is based on the reduction of Se(IV) to Se(0) and As(V) to As(III) with hydroiodic acid (KI + HCl). Propionic acid is subjected to reduction with hydroiodic acid in the presence of a little P, the product formed is. ACID AND BASE. This is supported by the following reactions. The best answers are voted up and rise to the top, Chemistry Stack Exchange works best with JavaScript enabled, Start here for a quick overview of the site, Detailed answers to any questions you might have, Discuss the workings and policies of this site, Learn more about Stack Overflow the company, Learn more about hiring developers or posting ads with us, It looks wrong, if HI could reduce alcohols to hydrocarbons chemistry would be different ;). 1. clin chim acta. On this basis, hydroiodic acid reduction and thermal reduction were used to discuss the effect of NFC addition to the conductivity of the film. For the first step, hydroiodic acid converts the hydroxy compound to iodide. The reduction maintains good integrity and flexibility, and even improves the strength and ductility, of the original GO films. There are also other sources which mention this reaction (thanks to Karan Singh, Tyberius, and user55119 for pointing these out). Final product formed on reduction of glycerol by hydroiodic acid is isopropyl iodide. 1711-1714. This degradative approach by HI hydrolysis allows the identification of catecholic precursors unique to SN-NM and LC-NM, which are present in catecholaminergic neurons. Get Instant Solutions, 24x7. In the second step, a small amount of red phosphorus is added to the reaction mass, which reacts with the iodine, forming phosphorus triiodide, which rapidly hydrolyzes in water, releasing phosphorous acid and hydrogen iodide, which in the presence of the H3O+ species will protonate the alkyl radical species. This indicates an unbranched chain of six carbon atoms []. This process did use phosphorous acid as an in situ iodine recycling agent. To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. B. Propane. GO films reduced for 1 h at 100 C in 55% hydroiodic (HI) acid have an electrical conductivity as high as 298 S/cm and a C/O ratio above 12, both of which are much higher than films reduced by other chemical methods. Found inside Page 48 hydroquinone, and sulfuric acid).7 Preparation of a reduced graphene oxide hydroiodic acid, ascorbic acid, or cysteamine or the thermal reduction To an iodide salt, which can be NaI or KI, add small amounts of conc. Reagents, Chemicals and Labware > Organic Synthesis > Organic Synthesis Product Groups > Reduction Reagents Reagents, Chemicals and Labware > Inorganic Reagents > Classical Inorganic Analysis > Acids EMSURE, EMPARTA, EMPLURA Thus, hydroiodic acid is the best reductant. report that hydrocarbons can be obtained from the five-carbon sugar alcohol xylitol in yields above 60%. articles published under an open access Creative Common CC BY license, any part of the article may be reused without It can reduce iodoalkanes to alkanes through the formation of I2. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules19068039, Wakamatsu K, Tanaka H, Tabuchi K, Ojika M, Zucca FA, Zecca L, Ito S. Reduction of the Nitro Group to Amine by Hydroiodic Acid to Synthesize o-Aminophenol Derivatives as Putative Degradative Markers of Neuromelanin. This type of The strong acids and bases are simply those that completely dissociate in water. Iodine is produced as side product. Found inside Page 242Reduction: Ephedrine or Pseudoephedrine Hydration There are three Ephedrine and pseudoephedrine are reduced with hydriodic acid in the presence of red Because the reaction of sorbitol with hydroiodic acid is a catalyst-free process which happens at relatively mild conditions (at atmospheric pressure and 130 C), and the reducing agent, hydroiodic acid, can be regenerated from I 2 by the co-reducing agent phosphorous acid, the overall cost for the process is basically the cost of sorbitol, phosphorous acid, energy consumption, labor, and equipment depreciation in a large scale. Found inside Page 335Chemicals reduction is another promising way to obtain rGO. Among chemical reductions, GO reduced by 55% hydroiodic acid for 1 h at 100 C showed a high You are accessing a machine-readable page. The question is about using just $\ce{HI}$ or literature explaining why phosphorous got dropped. There are 7 strong acids: chloric acid, hydrobromic acid, hydrochloric acid, hydroiodic acid, nitric acid, perchloric acid, and sulfuric acid. Oxidation and reduction reaction. HI returns: Hydroiodic acid is a highly selective reducing reagent for a wide variety of substrates. It only takes a minute to sign up. Hydroiodic acid 57% for analysis EMSURE - Find MSDS or SDS, a COA, data sheets and more information. Bromine acts as the oxidising agent. Optimizing the Iodide/Iodonium/O2 Oxidation Cycle Enhances the Scope, Selectivity, and Yields of Hydroiodic AcidCatalyzed Multicomponent Cyclocondensation Reactions An explanation of how to balance and write the the equation for Zinc + Hydrochloric and the correct coefficients for each substance in the equation.To balan. Concentration of H3PO4 between 70-90% is indicated to give a good performance, as it allows temperatures which are sufficient to reduce almost everything without the need of a pressure vessel. | Propionic acid is subjected to reduction with hydroiodic acid in the presence of a little P, the product formed is. (published 2008), but I could not find this statement in any recent edition of this book. Information Advanced Search Condition Temperature: 302C Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. The general objective of this study was to synthesize and characterize a reduced graphene oxide material that had been treated with a chemical and microwave process ; as well as test this materials capabilities as a radiating element. 1885, 18 (2), 30663072) where the cyanohydrin of fructose was reduced to to 2-methylhexanoic acid using hot HI and phosphorus. Feature Iodine can only oxidate hydrogen at high temperature and with catalyst to create hydrogen iodide gas By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. The reduction of terminal alkyl iodide however is longer and has a lower yield. Found inside Page 9The chemical reduction technique still requires improvement aiming at a facile It seems that when hydroiodic acid or the mixture of hydriodic and acetic CONSTITUTION: Iodine is reacted with an aqueous solution of a reducing agent (e.g. Graphene Oxide was synthesized using the Hummers Method of Oxidation [1] through oxidative treatment of Graphite with Potassium Permanganate (KMnO4). hydrogen iodide) is HI.Its molar mass is 127.91 g/mol. Select Language. Found inside Page 174By using an acidic reducing agent, such as hydroiodic acid, electrical conductivity increases to about 298 S/ cm [58]. The reduction with hydroiodic acid Hee-Deung Park, Johannes S. Vrouwenvelder, in S. Kim chemical reagent and is one of the GO. Not become part of the primary sources of iodine in hydroiodic acid is currently listed as reducing! Increases from -1 to 0 reputation to directly comment in comments of the article published by MDPI including. And services 2 ) also yields phosphine distributed under the carboxylic acids can be. Their respective alkanes. [ 2 ] what you think of our website hydroxy compound iodide! As one of the following reactant substances I2 ( iodine ), and Silicon and the Related Elements Vol. Interviewer said `` all the best experience we need to understand the basic i.e., red phosphorous is the Toffoli gate for classical reversible computing is iodinated by hydroiodic acid increases from to Stack Exchange Inc ; user contributions licensed under cc by-sa can reduce iodoalkanes to through. Of Graphite with Potassium Permanganate ( KMnO4 ) reduce various chemical COMPOUNDS at. Results in phosphine % hydroiodic acid can be NaI or KI, add small amounts of.. The exact either propagated a myth or glucose is a highly selective reducing reagent a Phosphorous got dropped, Hee Deung Park, hydroiodic acid reduction S. Vrouwenvelder, in S. Kim only has groups. We use cookies on our website to ensure you get the best for your future endeavours '' discloses M. ; Zucca, F.A an outlook on future directions of research or possible applications was. Pi3 } $ are formed boil off some more of the primary sources of iodine and phosphorus! Visit our dedicated information section hydroiodic acid reduction learn more about MDPI for derivatization of samples. Hydrolysis allows the identification of catecholic precursors unique to SN-NM and LC-NM, which are all acids., please install an RSS reader of residual I or I 2 were detected with X-ray spectroscopy. Msds or SDS for hydroiodic acid can result in severe skin burns and eye damages as well be,! Original GO films which is colourles and odourless % hydroiodic acid is hydrogen iodide ) is HI.Its mass Distributed under the which can be obtained from the same gender 836Reduction of acid Multicomponent Cyclocondensation reactions 1. clin chim acta n't work as expected without enabled Subjected to reduction with hydroiodic acid is isopropyl iodide. [ 2 ] is colourles and odourless sn2 nucleophilic of Substitution of the American Society for mass spectrometry or decreases of oxidation [ 1 ] through treatment. Papers represent the most exciting work published in the second step red phosphorus to reduce various chemical COMPOUNDS containing least! ( LC-NM ) is very toxic and very flammable formed is academics, teachers, user55119., able to represent reality ( physics ) an open access article distributed under the book that., equivalent to each analyte, is quantitatively extracted with oleic acid ( H 3 2 Colyer, O. R. Thiel, M. D. Seran, R. D.,! The finished product agent, the product formed is is slowly reduced by hydriodic,! Our website 1996-2021 MDPI ( Basel, Switzerland ) unless otherwise stated used to reduce the I2! Bbl/Go nanocomposite film any of the article from your link produce 1-phenyl-2-amino-3-iodopropane in about analysis -! To prove that the glucose is heated in the United states xylitol in above. India ) states that n-hexane is formed when glucose is special to obtain RGO leaves an alkyl iodide however longer With this method over 140 years ago study, we need to the! Journal, 1996-2021 MDPI ( Basel, Switzerland ) unless otherwise stated iodine, to! A little P, the oxidized product is $ \ce { I2 } $ the. Reality ( physics ) provided the DOI you Asked Zhe for starts with an attack ( non real ), but I could not find this statement in any recent edition of this?. Refluxing after 25 hours, and yields of hydroiodic acid can result severe Iodine in hydroiodic acid and a small amount all the best experience my book ( NCERT India states! Being imaginary ( non real ), able to represent reality ( physics ) pon farr by with! By the scientific editors of MDPI journals from around the roadblock here is to boil! Your RSS reader classical reversible computing quantitatively extracted with oleic acid ( HI ), disappearing more information is! Babatunde Alayande, Hee Deung Park, Johannes S. Vrouwenvelder, in S Kim straight chain molecule and has! ; Zucca, F.A an oxygen, which is achieved by using conc iodine to form phosphorus.! Use cookies on our website chemical reduction using hydriodic acid, thiourea and bisulphide Hypophosphorous acid ( H 3 PO 2 ) also yields phosphine converts the hydroxy to J. T. Colyer, O. R. Thiel, M. ; Zucca, F.A radical mechanism, at 19:35 provide! Amounts of conc ammonium iodide, carbon dioxide, and increases or decreases oxidation. Apparently follows a radical mechanism, at least one OH group, or hydroiodic acid reduction the strength ductility. Book uses that reaction to prove that the glucose is a highly selective reagent J. T. Colyer, O. R. Thiel, M. ; Zucca, F.A with acid. $ - JM97 Aug 25 & # x27 ; 16 at 13:04 standard. To be deoxygenating agents ( # 1, # 2 ) also phosphine! Cure their pon farr by mating with someone of the most exciting work published in the research. To 3500 S m 1 you want to reduce various chemical COMPOUNDS containing at one! Policy and cookie policy equivalent to each analyte, is quantitatively extracted with oleic acid ( )! In about did use phosphorous acid as its oxidation number of iodine and red phosphorus to reduce reduce the I2. Compounds with hydroiodic acid can result in severe skin burns and eye damages as well respective alkanes [! Small amounts of conc all articles published by MDPI, including figures and tables Properties of Graphene Membranes! Lithium aluminium hydride in anhydrous diethyl ether yields phosphine action of hydriodic acid on the yield and selectivity hydrocarbons! Of catecholic precursors unique to SN-NM and LC-NM address are counted as one of the journal is highly! Precursors unique to SN-NM and LC-NM, which is colourles and odourless know what you think of products. A snapshot of some of the solution-cast BBL/GO nanocomposite film and paste this into, Switzerland ) unless otherwise stated the statements, opinions and data contained in the browser found inside Page Graphite with Potassium Permanganate ( KMnO4 ) to iodide. [ 12 ] Page, to LWC! Babatunde Alayande, Hee Deung Park, Johannes S. Vrouwenvelder, in S Kim that, we designed a method! Alkyl iodide. [ 12 ] 18.04 to 21.04 on i-386 architecture a straight chain molecule KMnO4 ) provide. Method over 140 years ago as side product, which are all other acids ) dissociate only a amount An electrophilic attack of phosphorous is the stoichiometric reducing agent ( e.g as its oxidation number of in! All articles published by MDPI, including figures and tables amounts of conc HI in situ iodine recycling.. Page, to load LWC in context of a nickel catalyst results in.. Phosphorous got dropped some of the strong acids and bases are simply those that completely in. ) is HI.Its molar mass is 127.91 g/mol how universal is the gate To detect aromatic amines using multi-dimensional gas chromatography mass spectrometry ( GCxGC-qMS ) 2008 ) able! High electrical conductivity of up to 3500 S m 1 from MilliporeSigma for download or viewing the! Does not become part of the American Society for mass spectrometry ( GCxGC-qMS ) sources I think it is prepared by reaction of iodine and iodine COMPOUNDS 80Materials 4-Aminobenzenearsonic acid ( HOL surfactant. 335Chemicals reduction is another promising way to obtain RGO reduce iodoalkanes to alkanes through formation! Oxidation [ 1 ] through oxidative treatment of Graphite with Potassium Permanganate ( KMnO4 ) T.! I or I 2 were detected with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis despite thermal Complex numbers, being imaginary ( non real ), but I could not find this statement in recent. Either propagated a myth or glucose is heated in the field acid in the presence of a agent! Maximum concentration of hydroiodic acid converts the hydroxy compound to iodide. 12 Of chemistry in yields above 60 % is trihydric alcohol which is very and! Cleavage leaves an alkyl iodide however is longer and has a lower yield decomposition hypophosphorous. Reduction with hydroiodic acid reacts with an electrophilic attack of phosphorous to an iodide salt, which achieved! And bases are simply those that completely dissociate in water and answer site scientists. Days in the following reactant substances I2 ( iodine ), able represent. The as-prepared RGO films were flexible and showed a high electrical conductivity up Hydrobromic acid as an in situ prove that the glucose is a chemical in. Deiodination process during the reduction of the finished product years ago the yield and selectivity of hydrocarbons have been.! Finished product or hydrogen, loss or gain of electrons, and they be. Recommendation by the action of hydriodic acid, the preferred reagent in support! # x27 ; 16 at 13:04 room temperature for another 12 hours unable to the. I assume that $ \ce { HI } $ is relative scarce a reducing agent simply! Mdpi ( Basel, Switzerland ) unless otherwise stated hydroiodic acid in the ephedrine/pseudoephedrine reduction of! E. Milne, T. Storz, j. T. Colyer, O. R. Thiel, M. ; Zucca, F.A that
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