Arnold Hermann Ludwig Heeren, Historical Researches Into the Politics, Intercourse, and Trade of the Principal Nations of Antiquity, Henry Bohn, 1854 p38, Phillip Ward, Bahrain: A Travel Guide, Oleander Press p68, W. B. Fisher et al. If you were traveling in Sichuan, what country would you be in? From 1986 to 2014, university staff published 5 500 papers and books. [228], The United States designated Bahrain a major non-NATO ally in 2001. Several foreign correspondents were expelled. Chlef 27. Arable land constitutes only 2.82%[4] of the total area. A number of other languages are spoken among expatriates in Bahrain, including Urdu, Hindi, and Tagalog. In the Council of Representatives, 40 members are elected by absolute majority vote in single-member constituencies to serve four-year terms. Domestic and foreign relations since independence, 1999–2010: Reforms of Sheikh Hamad ibn ʿIsa Al Khalifah, Bahrain - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Bahrain - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). Compared to many countries in the region, the prevalence of AIDS and HIV is relatively low. In 2008, the jobless figure was at 4%,[242] with women over represented at 85% of the total. It subsequently has a high Human Development Index and is recognised by the World Bank as a high-income economy. [230], According to a January 2006 report by the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia, Bahrain has the fastest-growing economy in the Arab world. [267], The University of Bahrain had over 20,000 students in 2014, 65% of whom are women, and around 900 faculty members, 40% of whom are women. [42] The term Tylos was commonly used for the islands until Ptolemy's Geographia when the inhabitants are referred to as Thilouanoi. [144], Bahrain has a bicameral National Assembly (al-Jam'iyyah al-Watani) consisting of the Shura Council (Majlis Al-Shura) with 40 seats and the Council of Representatives (Majlis Al-Nuwab) with 40 seats. [267], In November 2008, an agreement was signed to establish a Regional Centre for Information and Communication Technology in Manama under the auspices of UNESCO. The breeding colony of Socotra cormorant on Hawar Islands is the largest in the world, and the dugongs foraging around the archipelago form the second-largest dugong aggregation after Australia.[142]. The wind tower, which generates natural ventilation in a house, is a common sight on old buildings, particularly in the old districts of Manama and Muharraq. to support the varied population. The university spent about US$11 million per year on research in 2014, which was conducted by a contingent of 172 men and 128 women. Bahrain, small Arab state situated in a bay on the southwestern coast of the Persian Gulf. [294] The project's objective is to connect all schools within the kingdom with the Internet. [214] In response to the failure of women candidates, six were appointed to the Shura Council, which also includes representatives of the Kingdom's indigenous Jewish and Christian communities. [12] The only sovereign states with larger population densities are city states. [267], In 2010, Bahrain's population grew to 1.2 million, of which 568,399 were Bahraini and 666,172 were non-nationals. The capital and largest city is Manama. The latter were tribes returning to the Arabian side of the Persian Gulf from Persian territories in the north who were known as Huwala. Represented on the 9th and 10th day of the Hijri month of Muharram. Biskra 33. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Check flight prices and hotel availability for your visit. As a tourist destination, Bahrain received over eight million visitors in 2008. [286] According to Bahraini writer Nancy Khedouri, the Jewish community of Bahrain is one of the youngest in the world, having its origins in the migration of a few families to the island from then-Iraq and then-Iran in the late 1880s. [40] However, there is little evidence of any human settlement at all on Bahrain during the time when such migration had supposedly taken place. Calling Bahrain from the United States explained: 011 - US exit code; dial first for international calls made from the USA or Canada 973 - Country Code for Bahrain BHR Alpha-3. Commemoration of Muhammad's final sermon and completion of the message of Islam. An opposition satellite station, LuaLua TV, operates from London but has found its signals blocked. Sea grass beds are important foraging grounds for some threatened species such as dugongs and the green turtle. The Cambridge History of Iran, Cambridge University Press 1968 p40, Jean Francois Salles in Traces of Paradise: The Archaeology of Bahrain, 2500BC-300AD in Michael Rice, Harriet Crawford Ed, IB Tauris, 2002 p132. Only 18 species of mammals are found in Bahrain, animals such as gazelles, desert rabbits and hedgehogs are common in the wild but the Arabian oryx was hunted to extinction on the island. Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 147. [16] Bahrain's ruling al-Khalifa royal family has been criticized for violating the human rights of groups including dissidents, political opposition figures, and its majority Shia Muslim population.[17]. Bahrain's port of Mina Salman is the main seaport of the country and consists of 15 berths. Four types of salinisation of the aquifer are identified: brackish-water up-flow from the underlying brackish-water zones in north-central, western, and eastern regions; seawater intrusion in the eastern region; intrusion of sabkha water in the southwestern region; and irrigation return flow in a local area in the western region. [91] This was to bring rapid modernisation to Bahrain. El Tarf 38. [37][38] This theory was accepted by the 19th-century German classicist Arnold Heeren who said that: "In the Greek geographers, for instance, we read of two islands, named Tyrus or Tylos, and Aradus, which boasted that they were the mother country of the Phoenicians, and exhibited relics of Phoenician temples. [66] During most of this period, they resorted to governing Bahrain indirectly, either through the city of Bushehr or through immigrant Sunni Arab clans. [335] The 2012 race occurred despite concerns of the safety of the teams and the ongoing protests in the country. [14] It has been famed since antiquity for its pearl fisheries, which were considered the best in the world into the 19th century. The University of London External has appointed MCG (Management Consultancy Group) as the regional representative office in Bahrain for distance learning programmes. [269] It has over 1.69 million people as of January 2020. The 2001 National Action Charter paved the way for the formation of private universities such as the Ahlia University in Manama and University College of Bahrain in Saar. Gazelle and hares are not yet extinct, and lizards and jerboas (desert rodents) are common; the mongoose—probably imported from India—is found in the irrigated areas. The country’s chief city, port, and capital, Manama (Al-Manāmah), is located on the northeastern tip of Bahrain Island. [309], Rules regarding female attire are generally relaxed compared to regional neighbours; the traditional attire of women usually include the hijab or the abaya. [31] Nearchus is believed to have been the first of Alexander's commanders to visit the island, and he found a verdant land that was part of a wide trading network; he recorded: "That on the island of Tylos, situated in the Persian Gulf, are large plantations of cotton trees, from which are manufactured clothes called sindones, of strongly differing degrees of value, some being costly, others less expensive. [181], The period between 1975 and 1999 known as the "State Security Law Era", saw wide range of human rights violations including arbitrary arrests, detention without trial, torture and forced exile. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. In 2013, Bahrain topped the Arab world for internet penetration (90% of the population), trailed by the United Arab Emirates (86%) and Qatar (85%). This… [233][234] Bahrain's banking and financial services sector, particularly Islamic banking, have benefited from the regional boom driven by demand for oil. [158] The supreme commander of the Bahraini military is King Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa and the deputy supreme commander is the Crown Prince, Salman bin Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa. [305] Cardiovascular diseases account for 32% of all deaths in Bahrain, being the number one cause of death in the country (the second being cancer). [83], Before the development of petroleum, the island was largely devoted to pearl fisheries and, as late as the 19th century, was considered to be the finest in the world. Four alternatives for the management of groundwater quality that are available to the water authorities in Bahrain are discussed and their priority areas are proposed, based on the type and extent of each salinisation source, in addition to groundwater use in that area. [258] Private vehicles and taxis are the primary means of transportation in the city. Bahrain was not new territory to the Bani Utbah; they had been a presence there since the 17th century. [2] Nepali is also widely spoken in the Nepalese workers and Gurkha Soldiers community. [259] A nationwide metro system is currently under construction and is due to be operational by 2023. such as the Spring of Culture in March and April, the Bahrain Summer Festival and Ta’a Al-Shabab from August to September, and the Bahrain International Music Festival in October which features musical and theatrical performances, lectures, and much more. Bahrain hosted the opening Grand Prix of the 2006 season on 12 March of that year. Bahrain has a well-developed road network, particularly in Manama. Adrar 49. [180] Bahrain's official recognition of the State of Israel followed its GCC neighbor Oman's hosting of the Israeli prime minister in 2018[181] as well as the UAE's official recognition of the State of Israel in August 2020. Bahrain is the site of the ancient Dilmun civilization. [115] The government then launched a crackdown on the opposition that included conducting thousands of arrests and systematic torture. [255] Transits between the two islands peaked after the construction of the Bahrain International Airport in 1932. On average, rain falls only about 10 days a year. They hold most government positions and the Bahraini monarchy are Sunni Arabs. The head of government is the prime minister. [167], Bahrain participates in the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen against the Shia Houthis and forces loyal to former President Ali Abdullah Saleh,[168] who was deposed in the 2011 Arab Spring uprising. A hydrochemical study identified the locations of the sources of aquifer salinisation and delineated their areas of influence. In 1521, the Portuguese Empire allied with Hormuz and seized Bahrain from the Jabrid ruler Muqrin ibn Zamil, who was killed during the takeover. [175][176], Saudi Arabian troops were sent into Bahrain to crush pro-democracy protests in 2011. The abundance of fresh water has provided Bahrain with fertile land, from which it gained importance historically as a harbour and trading centre in the Persian Gulf. [221] The platform "provides a welcome free space for journalists, although one that is increasingly monitored", according to Reporters Without Borders. First mentioned in Islamic chronicles about ad 1345, it was taken by the Portuguese (1521) and by the Persians (1602). Bahrain plays a modest, moderating role in regional politics and adheres to the views of the Arab League on Middle East peace and Palestinian rights by supporting the two state solution. [318] Ali Al Shargawi, a decorated longtime poet, was described in 2011 by Al Shorfa as the literary icon of Bahrain. By 2014, only Mauritania and Palestine had a smaller output in this database among Arab states[268]. [97], On 15 August 1971,[98][99] though the Shah of Iran was claiming historical sovereignty over Bahrain, he accepted a referendum held by the United Nations and eventually Bahrain declared independence and signed a new treaty of friendship with the United Kingdom. [285] Various sources cite Bahrain's native Jewish community as being from 36 to 50 people. English is widely used, however, and is a compulsory second language at all schools. The second group consists of the Ḥawār Islands, which are situated near the coast of Qatar, about 12 miles (19 km) southeast of Bahrain Island; a dispute with Qatar over ownership of the islands was resolved in 2001, when the International Court of Justice awarded them to Bahrain. As of 2008[update], 37 Jews remained in the country. www.my-domain.bh.bh. The King Fahd Causeway, measuring 24 km (15 mi), links Bahrain with the Saudi Arabian mainland via the island of Umm an-Nasan. 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